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AFRIQUE,
JE TE PLUMERAI
Film Guide & Resources
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AFRIQUE,
JE TE PLUMERAI
English translations: "AFRICA, I WILL FLEECE YOU"
or "AFRICA, I WILL PLUCK YOU"
Cameroon, 1992.
In French with English subtitles. Run time: 88 minutes.
Director: Jean-Marie Téno (b. 14 May 1954, Famleng, Cameroon -
)
URL of this webpage: http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/CoursePack/Afrique.htm
Short
Cuts on this webpage: Film Summary |
Film Notes & Questions to Consider
| Critical Commentary
Works Cited &
Recommended Resources
"Afrique, Je Te Plumerai provides a devastating overview of one hundred years of cultural genocide in Africa. Director Jean-Marie Teno uses Cameroon, the only African country colonized by three European powers (German, French, and British), for a carefully researched case study of the continuing damage done to traditional African societies by alien colonial and neo-colonial cultures. Unlike most historical films, Afrique, Je Te Plumerai moves from present to past (and from color to black & white), peeling away layer upon layer of African cultural forgetting. Teno explains: 'I wanted to trace cause and effect between an intolerable present and the colonial violence of yesterday...to understand how a country could fail to succeed as a state which was once composed of well-structured traditional societies.' Teno begins with present-day cultural production in Cameroon, examining press censorship, government controlled publishing and the flood of European media and [school] books. He next looks at his own Eurocentric education during the 1960s. 'Study, my child," he was told, "so you can become like a white man.' Condescending [European] newsreels from the 1930s reveal that France conceived its 'civilizing mission' as destroying traditional African social structures and replacing them with a colonial regime of evolues [Western-educated black Africans who, Teno emphasizes, were indoctrinated to accept European colonizers language, values and superiority]. Survivors of the Cameroonian independence struggle recall how the French colonial rulers eliminated any popular nationalist leaders, and, on the eve of independence, installed a corrupt, bureaucratic African regime"neocolonialism-- which continues to serve Western economic and political interests, to pillage the country, and deny democracy and basic human rights to the people. Director Teno tells a story that applies to many "post-colonial" African nations today [note that Teno suggests colonialism is not "post" but has merely taken a new and insidious form in Africa today]. This film summary quotes &
adapts California Newsreel film
description. |
[Part I: The
Present]
[Part II: The Colonial Past]
[Film Conclusion] The organizational "frame" of the
film is to capture a contemporary day in the peoples lives
of Cameroons capital city Yaounde"cruel city,
city of lies"--beginning with scenes from morning (when new
hope dawns); and progressing, by the end of the film, to late
evening in a Yaounde nightclub, where a comedian humorously and
satirically attacks President Biya and Western cultural
influences.
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Questions to Consider: 1. Explain what you understand Teno to mean by the phrase "cultural genocide." 2. In voiceover, Teno cites a Chinese proverb at one point in the film: A people that have no past, have no present and no future. What is Teno's message in this proverb for Africans today? Why is it important for Africans to write their own history from their own perspectives? 3. Compare Tenos project to Ali Mazrui's statements about three different approaches to African history (HUM 211 Course Pack). What kind of history do you think Teno is trying to (re)make through his film, Afrique, Je te plumerai? 4. What do you think Tenos primary message(s) or purpose(s) are for making this film? Review statements Teno makes in Afrique regarding the role of the African writer (and by extension, the filmmaker). How do these compare to statements Achebe makes about the purposes of his writing and of African literature, according to Gikandis essay? Both Teno and Achebe choose to create their art in European colonizers languagesFrench and English, respectively. Both have been criticized for doing so, for learning and using these languages has been one of the primary means by which Europeans have "colonized" the African mind. . [Note that director Dani Kouyate uses both French and the indigenous language Jula in the film Keita: Heritage of the Griot.] 5. The question of whether to use African or European languages is debated heatedly among African artists and intellectualscan you see why? Why do you think Teno and Achebe have made the choice to use French and English, instead of writing/filming in indigenous African languages? 6. Who do you think Tenos intended audience(s) is/are for Afrique, Je te plumerai? Do you think Teno had us in mind? (Consider how many languages are spoken in Africa, and that both Cameroon and Nigeria have many ethnic groups who speak many different languages.) 7. Teno, Kouyate, and Achebe use Western genresdocumentary film, fictional feature film, and realistic novelbut each seeks, in his own ways, to transform or "appropriate" the Western art forms of storytelling to make them speak African truths and realities, from African perspectives. Consider how Teno has used the medium of film to convey his messages in Afrique, Je Te Plumerai.
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Critical Commentary on Afrique: je te plumerai Source: Ukadike, N[wachukwu] Frank. "African Cinematic Reality: The Documentary Tradition as an Emerging Trend." Research in African Literatures, 26.3(Fall 1995): 88 (9 pages). Rpt. Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A20503127; and EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite (2004): Article No. 9712126215. [Summary and Emphasis added by Cora Agatucci.] Afrique, je te plumerai "reveals the colonialist and neocolonialist methods of exploitation and subjugation. At times, the artistry renders some of the mesmerizing sequences of torture too ethereal or attractive for the viewer, but it is this enchantment that also compels the viewer to examine, confront and contemplate the real images behind the illusion." The film "is an intensive study of one nation's history - that of Cameroon. However, Afrique does offer a continent-wide critique of colonialism, especially cultural colonialism, and openly calls on Africans to reclaim what is theirs. According to Angelo Fiombo, ‘Africa today is linked to the past by a close cause/effect bond: from colonial violence to the single political party, from repression to intolerance.’ It is from this perspective that Afrique verifies this claim with cinematic pyrotechnics. Fiombo notes: ‘In a skillful melange of contemporary images, fiction, important period documents and precious reconstruction, the director venturing into the corridors, often forbidden, of the memory of his country, with a will to reaffirm that "right to speak" which has been denied too long." . . . ." Afrique employs multiple conventions, mixing elements of caustic satire, comedy, music, straightforward didacticism, and neorealistic camera work. The film does not simply ask Africans to wake up to the challenges ahead, it indicts tyranny through a critique of colonial decadence made comprehensible from colonial and neo-colonial histories." Jean-Marie "Teno, the filmmaker, had originally intended to make a film about African publishing. After witnessing the brutal suppression of public demonstrations in Cameroon, however, he decided ‘to examine language as either a tool of liberation or of domination.’ He goes on to state that ‘in confiscating language, in reducing language to codes accessible only to the minority, it becomes easier to silence and exploit the people.'" "Afrique inundates the viewer with a barrage of images. They are not collages of images in the usual sense, but historical documents and political manifestoes. This strategy is a calculated way of presenting complex histories. The film is carefully researched, emanating as it does from the filmmaker's understanding of the colonial history before his birth, extending into his present life, and made more incisive from his hybrid stance - his status as an exile living in Paris. Teno creates a metacinema that draws from the archival propaganda newsreel images of the colonial media. This media, constituting an unintentional critique of its own history, is evolved by powerful images compelling the viewer to understand the media's impact upon African consciousness; it shows how that consciousness was eroded over the years, paving the way for the creation of more young evolues.(4) Too often Western news media - including films and documentaries - have failed to probe African problems; rather, they report them in a prejudiced and biased manner: Quotation from Teno’s voiceover in the film: "’I wanted to trace cause and effect between the intolerable present and the colonial violence of yesterday to understand how a country could fail to succeed as a state which was once composed of well-structured, traditional societies.’" "The many kinds of presentation within the films, such as dramatic narrative, allegorical monologue, and film within a film, diversify the authoritative voice. These forms are also evocative of multiple voices as in Africa's oral tradition, which appropriates many forms of representation in its abundant use of culturally established . . . codes of explication. Since the inception of African cinema, oral tradition has formed the basis of its cultural and aesthetic grounding." "Afrique . . . position[s] the African filmmaker and his audience in a world dominated by injustice, and offer[s] a vehement and sardonic critique of the oppressive mechanisms of power." using "a variety of cinematic approaches to examine history, the self, and the collective in that history, as do many African fiction films." |
Works Cited & Recommended Resources Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. [First published 1958.] Expanded edition with notes. 1996. London: Heinemann, 2000. "African Studies Resources." California Newsreel: Library of African Cinema. 21 August 2004 <http://www.newsreel.org/articles/resources.htm>. Afrique: je te plumerai [English: "Africa: I Will Fleece You"]. Dir., Prod., & Narr.: Jean-Marie Téno. [Videotape.] California Newsreel, 1992.
"Afrique:
je te plumerai." California
Newsreel: Library of African Cinema. 2004. 21 Aug. 2004 Cham, Mbye (Associate Professor of African Studies, Howard Univ.). "Film Text and Context: Reweaving Africa’s Social Fabric Through Its Contemporary Cinema." California Newsreel: Library of African Cinema. 2004. 21 Aug. 2004 <http://www.newsreel.org/articles/context.htm>. Dye, Michael. "Street Sounds: The Changing Face of Colonialization." [Rev. of Afrique, Je Te Plumerai.] 1998. Long Reviews. Culture, Communication & Media Studies - CCMS: African Cinema & TV. Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. 2001. 21 Aug. 2004 <http://www.nu.ac.za/ccms/amp/longreviews.asp?ID=57>.
Fung, Karen. Films & Videos.
Africa South of the Sahara. Stanford University Libraries.
1994-2004. 21 Aug. 2004 <http://www.stanford.edu/dept/AFR/>.
Gikandi, Simon. "Chinua Achebe and the Invention of African Literature." In Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart. [First published 1958.] Expanded edition with notes. 1996. London: Heinemann, 2000. ix-xvii. Gugler, Josef. African Film: Re-Imagining a Continent. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 2003. Keita: Heritage of the Griot [French: Keita! L'héritage du griot]. Dir. Dani Kouyaté. Perf. Seydou Boro, Hamed Dicko, Abdoulaye Komboudri, and Sotigui Kouyaté. [Videotape.] Afix Productions-California Newsreel, 1995.
Téno, Jean-Marie. "Imagining Alternatives: African Cinema in the Year 2000." California Newsreel. 21 Aug. 2004 <http://www.newsreel.org/articles/teno.htm>. Thackway, Melissa. Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone African Film. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 2003. Ukadike, N[wachukwu] Frank. "African Cinematic Reality: The Documentary Tradition as an Emerging Trend." Research in African Literatures, 26.3(Fall 1995): 88 (9 pages). Rpt. Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A20503127; and EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite (2004): Article No. 9712126215.
Ukadike, Nwachukwu Frank. Black African Cinema. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1994. "Viewing African Cinema: Six Pointers." California Newsreel: Library of African Cinema. 21 August 2004 <http://www.newsreel.org/articles/pointers.htm>. |
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