Chinua Achebe Bibliography
Scholarly Articles Online, Periodical Articles, Additional Sources
URL of this page: http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/achebib.htm

Scholarly Articles Online

Chinua Achebe: Overview (George Landow, Post Imperial and Post Colonial Literature in English, Brown Univ.)
http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/achebe/achebeov.html [last rev. 6 February 2002]
Old URL: http://landow.stg.brown.edu/post/achebe/achebeov.html (accessed July 2001)
...including links to: Chinua Achebe's Biography and Style: http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/achebe/achebebio.html
 Chinua Achebe and Things Fall Apart, and Achebe's Use of Language (all by Melissa Culross, based upon Contemporary Authors);
a list of Achebe's Works; Nigeria Overview, "The Role of Women in Things Fall Apart" (by June Chun); "Women in Achebe's World" (by Rose Ure Mezu); and more.

Africa and Africans in Conrad's Heart of Darkness (Candice Bradley, Associate Professor of Anthropology, originally a Lawrence Univ. Freshman Studies Lecture, 24 Jan. 1996; now available from Department of English at the University of Berne, Switzerland, July 2004):
NEW URL: http://www.cx.unibe.ch/ens/cg/africanfiction/conrad/bradley/bradley.html
Explores Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness from an anthropological perspective and includes the section "Achebe's Critique and Images of Illness in Africa."

Internet Public Library: IPL Online Literary Criticism Collection: Chinua Achebe (1930 - ) abstracts & links to criticism, biographical web sites, as well as individual works by Achebe:
 http://www.ipl.org/cgi-bin/ref/litcrit/litcrit.out.pl?au=ach-255 
...Anthills of the Savannah: http://www.ipl.org/cgi-bin/ref/litcrit/litcrit.out.pl?ti=ant-387 
...Arrow of God: http://www.ipl.org/cgi-bin/ref/litcrit/litcrit.out.pl?ti=arr-385 
...A Man of the People: http://www.ipl.org/cgi-bin/ref/litcrit/litcrit.out.pl?ti=man-386 
...No Longer at Ease: http://www.ipl.org/cgi-bin/ref/litcrit/litcrit.out.pl?ti=no+-384 
...Things Fall Apart: http://www.ipl.org/cgi-bin/ref/litcrit/litcrit.out.pl?ti=thi-383 

"Translating Cultures? Towards a Rhetoric of Cross-Cultural Communication" by Tobias Döring (Freie Universität Berlin)- in English: http://www.ph-erfurt.de/~neumann/eese/articles/doering/1_95.html

See also Achebe WWW Links

Periodical Articles 

"Achebe, Chinua." Current Biography 53.1 (Jan 1992): 3(5pgs). Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A11785516
Brief Summary: "Nigerian author Chinua Achebe is the most widely-read black African novelist. Achebe's novels explore the tragedy of characters caught between two cultures. His life is profiled and critical reaction to his work is discussed."

Adekoya, Olusegun.  Rev. of Chinua Achebe: A Biography, by Ezenwa-Ohaeto.  Journal of Asian and African Studies 34.3 (August 1999): 356(3pp).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 2523424.

Baker, Essie.  "Chinua Achebe."  Crisis [The New] [106.3] July 1998: 52(4pp).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 3639781.
Abstract:  "Focuses on African novelist Chinua Achebe. Privileges offered by Bard College of Annadale, New York to Achebe; Novel masterpieces of Achebe; Overview of his book Things Fall Apart; Worldwide recognition of Achebe in novel writing."

Begam, Richard. "Achebe's Sense of an Ending: History and Tragedy in Things Fall Apart." Studies in the Novel 29.3(Fall 1997): 396(16pp). Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A20503127; and EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 9712126215.
Infotrac Abstract: "Chinua Achebe's 'Things Fall Apart' can be examined for how it deals with narrative closure. A superficial view sees the ending without ambiguity: the hero of the book dies heroically.  However, the novel shows how colonial rule gradually disintegrates tribal life, so that a culture is passing away. 'Things Falls Apart' has three endings, variously depicting a nationalist, adversarial, and metahistory point of view."

Boer, Wiebe.  Rev. of Home and Exile, by Chinua Achebe.  Christian Century 18 April 2001: 26 (2pp).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite, Article No. 4370418 [Full text available].

Breitinger, Eckhard.  Rev. of Chinua Achebe: A Biography by Ezenwa-Ohaeto; and Chinua Achebe and Joyce Carey, by Tobias Doring.  Research in African Literatures 31.2 (Summer 2000): 210(4p).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 3153400.

Coeyman, Marjorie.  "Africa's Great Storyteller, Chinua Achebe, on Language."  Christian Science Monitor [92.249] 16 Nov. 2000: 16 (1p).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 3768625.
Abstract:  "Presents information on Nigerian author Chinua Achebe's decision to use the English language in his writing despite his subject matter of European colonialism as a form of oppression in Africa."

Fleming, Bruce. "Brothers Under the Skin: Achebe on Heart of Darkness." College Literature 19.3(Oct-Feb 1992): 90(10pp). Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A14505585
Abstract: "An evaluation of Chinua Achebe's critique of Joseph Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness' is presented. Several points involving the relation of an author's implicit views and the methods used to express them and the subsequent dialectic that rises from the specific historicity separating Achebe and Conrad were raised. The centrality of anti-heirarchized dichotomies in postcolonial theory is demonstrated."

Gallagher, Susan VanZanten. "Linguistic Power: Encounter with Chinua Achebe." The Christian Century 12 March 1997, 260(2pp). Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A19241297
Abstract: "Chinua Achebe wrote his first novel, 'Things Fall Apart,' to portray African culture for European readers, using English to reach both western and Nigerian readers. He will not allow his book to be translated into Union Igbo, a hodgepodge of Nigerian dialects developed to translate the Bible."

"Individual Authors."  Journal of Modern Literature 22.3/4 (Spring 1999): 489(56pp).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 2997574.
Abstract:  "Lists several reference books and bibliographies on individual modern literary authors. Includes Chinua Achebe: A Biography, by Ezenwa Ohaeto; Critical Essays on Kingsley Amis, edited by Robert Bell; Understanding Julian Barnes, by Merritt Mosely; Critical Perspectives on Mongo Beti, edited by Stephen H. Arnold."

Jeyifo, Biodun. "Okonkwo and His Mother: 'Things Fall Apart' and Issues of Gender in the Constitution of African Postcolonial Discourse." (Special Issue: Post-Colonial Discourse) Callaloo 16.4(Fall 1993): 847(12pp). Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A14865115
Abstract: "Chinua Achebe's 'Things Fall Apart' deals with woman's place in the larger social and political spheres of male initiatives and control. This is not readily apparent in the novel because women, in particular, the character Okonwo's mother, his wives and daughters, are unnamed and relegated to the gackground. The figures of Okonwo and his father are over textualized. This natural sexism, which is evident in African culture and literature, can only be resolved through feminine emancipation."

Joseph, Michael Scott.  "A Pre-Modernist Reading of The Drum: Chinua Achebe and the Theme of Eternal Return."  ARIEL 28.1 (Jan. 1997): 149(18pp).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 9707256607.
Abstract:  "Review the children's story The Drum, published during the 1970s by Chinua Achebe."

Kortenaar, Neil ten. 'Only connect': Anthills of the Savannah and Achebe's Trouble with Nigeria." Research in African Literatures 24.3(Fall 1993): 59(14pp). Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP:: Article A14207356
Abstract: "Chinua Achebe's 'Anthills of the Savannah' is a fictionalization of the debate about nation-states and their conflict with traditional African tribes. Achebe analyzes this problem in 'Trouble with Nigeria.' Achebe, in 'Anthills,' seeks a solution for the gap between being a native and a citizen in the African states, which were created arbitrarily by the colonizers. The character of Sam, who rules Kangan tyrannically, illustrates the dangers of a government out-of-touch with its citizens. Ikem and Chris, in their life and death, stand for the hope of a cohesive identity where there will be no tension between conflicting loyalties."

Levine, Alan.  "Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart as a Case Study in Nietzsche's Tranvaluation of Values."  Perspectives on Political Science 28.3 (Summer 1999): 135(6pp). EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 2267666.  
Abstract:  "Examines the views of Friedrich Nietzsche, a German philosopher during the 19th century, and Chinua Achebe, an African philosopher in the 20th century. Attempt of the two to replace the values of the political community and society in which they have lived; Discussion on the books written by the two philosophers which embody their philosophy."

Lindfors, Bernth. "Chinua Achebe: Novelist of Cultural Conflict." America, 20 July 1996: 23(3pp). Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A18516815
Abstract: "Achebe has done more to humanize and de-mystify traditional African life for western readers than any other novelist. His appreciation of the cultural flaws of both his native Nigerian Ibo people and of their colonial rulers is analyzed."

---.  "Sites of Production in African Literature Scholarship."  Ariel 31.1/2 (Jan-Apr 2000): 153(25pp).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 524780.
Abstract:  "Examines scholarly authority and intellectual production in African literature studies. Status of literary criticism in Western countries; Bibliography listing on anglophone black African literature published between 1936 and 1991; Analysis of the works of anglophone authors such as Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe and Ngugi wa Thiong'o."

Maja-Pearce, Adewale. "In Pursuit of Excellence: Thirty Years of the Heinemann African Writers' Series." (Publishing African Literature). Research in African Literatures 23.4(Winter 1992): 125(8pp). Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A13046121
Abstract: "The Heinemann African Writers' Series began in 1962 after the success of Chinua Achebe's 1958 novel 'Things Fall Apart.' The series was begun by Alan Hill and Achebe became the first editor. Novels are the mainstay of the series but Heinemann African Poets began in 1989 and anthologies are also published. A new school of African writers who focused on psychology instead of politics began with Bessie Head and then Dambudzo Marechera, and the mold has now been broken with much diversity and complexity abounding." Visit the Heinemann Home Page: http://www.heinemann.com/code/template.ghc

MacKenzie, Clayton G. "The Metamorphosis of Piety in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart." Research in African Literatures 27.2 (Summer 1996):128(11pp.) Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A18358084
Abstract: "Chinua Achebe's novel 'Things Fall Apart' portrays a transformation of piety as its African village assimilates Christianity and occidental culture. Indigenous religion is composed of an Oracle of the Hills and Caves. Some people become skeptical of the oracle, some reject it and some try to combine it with the new Christianity. As time passes, the traditional religion is replaced by Christianity, and those who convert are favored economically. The causes of historical transformation are thus indicated."

McLuckie, Craig.  Rev. of  Conversations With Chinua Achebe, ed. by Bernth Lindfors, Understanding Things Fall Apart: Selected Essays and Criticisms, by Solomon O. Iyasere, and Understanding Things Fall Apart: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents, by Kalu Ogbaa.  Research in African Literatures 31.1 (Spring 2000): 181(4pp).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 2744205.

"The Next Nigeria."  New Republic [220.12] 22 March 1999: 9[1p].  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 1610344.
Abstract:  "Examines the significance of the election of Nigerian President Matthew Olusegun Obasanjo in March, 1999. Obasanjo's plans in 1979 for Nigeria to be one of the leading nations of the world; Response from Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe to Obasanjo's plans; Nigeria's poor conditions; Role of Nigeria in African stability and economic progress; Need for Nigeria to build democratic institutions and combat corruption; Role of the United States."

Nnoromele, Patrick C.  "The Plight of a Hero in Achebe's Things Fall Apart."  College Literature 27.2 (Spring 2000): 146 (11pp).  Full Text available from EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite, Article No. 3137865.  Abstract:  "Addresses the issues surrounding the death of Okonkwo, a character from Chinua Achebe's `Things Fall Apart.' Arguments regarding the African novel; Description of the protagonist; Information concerning the culture of the Igbo clan."

North, James.  "African Heart, No Darkness."  Rev. of Home and Exile, by Chinua Achebe.  Nation [271.2] 10 July 2000: 36(3pp).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 3331968.  Also available online:
 http://past.thenation.com/issue/000710/0710north.shtml (accessed 8 Mar. 2001).

Oakshott, Robert.  "Shooting from the Hip, Sometimes Wide of the Mark."  Rev. of Home and Exile, by Chinua Achebe.  The Spectator 24 Feb. 2001:  Online. Internet.  http://www.spectator.co.uk/bookreview/ (accessed 8 Mar. 2001).

Onwuemene, Michael C.  "Limits of Transliteration: Nigerian Writer's Endeavors toward a National Literary Language."  PMLA [Publications of the Modern Language Association of America] 114.5 (Oct. 1999): 1055(12pp).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 2393520.
Abstract:  "Examines the effect of transliteration in Nigerian literature. Origins of the concept and theory of transliteration; Promotion of pan-national literature to counteract ethnic particularism; Perspective of Chinua Achebe on the creation of pan-Nigerian language for the sovereign destiny of Nigeria; Modification of English language in Nigerian literature."

Obiechina, Emmanuel. "Narrative Proverbs in the African Novel. (Special Issue in Memory of Josaphat Bekunuru Kubayanda) Research in African Literatures 24.4(Winter 1993):123(18pgs). Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A14706083
Abstract: "'Things Fall Apart' by Chinua Achebe exemplifies the use of narrative proverbs in the African novel, reflecting the synthesis of oral and written traditions. Narrative proverbs are stories or other forms derived from the oral tradition which are embedded within the novels and perform the function of proverbs. Achebe's novel incorporates nine embedded narratives, seven of which are folktales or myths. Narratives discussed in relation to the novel include the quarrel between Earth and Sky, the locust myth, Ikemefuna's song, the mosquito myth, the tale of the tortoise and the birds, the Abame story and the kite myth."

Osei-Nyame, Kwadwo.  "Chinua Achebe Writing Culture:  Representations of Gender and Tradition in Things Fall Apart."  Research in African Literatures 30.2 (Summer 1999): 148(17pp).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 1955956
Abstract:  "Examines Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart, based on Mikhail Bakhtin's notion of `heteroglossia' and diagolism [sic]. Achebe's novelistic agenda in drawing upon the Igbo oral traditions; Reasons for the appropriation by Achebe of ethnographic modes of representation; Demonstration of the feasibility of a selective appeal to `tradition' within the Igbo worldview."

Quayson, Ato. "Realism, Criticism, and the Disguises of Both: A Reading of Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart with an Evaluation of the Criticism Relating to It." Research in African Literatures 25.4(Winter 1994): 117(20pp.). Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A16026675
Abstract: "An interpretation of Chinua Achebe's 'Things Fall Apart' and of the critical responses to the text reveals the need for a multi-layered approach in African literary criticism. An uncritical acceptance of the author's projection of reality discounts the degree to which Achebe interprets reality in his novel. An evaluation of Achebe's treatment of women characters and the concept of the feminine demonstrates that Achebe constructs reality based on a personal vision. Critics of African literature should seek out such constructions of reality in literary works."

Rhoads, Diana Akers. "Culture in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart." African Studies Review 36.2(Sept 1993): 61(12pp) . Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A14757115
Abstract: "Chinua Achebe presents the strengths and weaknesses of Igbo culture in 'Things Fall Apart' to provide modern Nigeria with a model. Achebe shows that Igbo culture is not inferior to European civilization and that the Igbos are more tolerant than Europeans. The democratic impulse behind the village meetings and the mediation of disputes by village elders were effective means of justice which the British replaced with a non-traditional system. By linking Igbo civilization with treasured humanistic principles, Achebe stresses harmony and co-operation rather than difference or divisiveness."

Samway, Patrick H. "Of Many Things." [Nigerian author Chinua Achebe wins Campion Award; Editorial.] America, 19 Oct 1996: 2. Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A18791660
Abstract: "Noted Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe accepted the 1996 Campion Award at Bard College, Anandale-on-Hudson, NY. The award honors Christian people of letters, and is named after a Jesuit priest and author martyred for his faith. Achebe's novels include 'Things Fall Apart' and 'No Longer at Ease.' "

Sengova, Joko.  "Native Identity and Alienation in Richard Wright's Native Son and Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart:  A Cross-Cultural Analysis."  Mississippi Quarterly 50.2 (Spring 1997): 327(25pp).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 245074.
Abstract:  "Examines the use of native identity and alienation as literary themes, specifically in the novel `Native Son,' by Richard Wright and `Things Fall Apart,' by Chinua Achebe. Native identity and creole hypothesis; Concept of native identity and alienation."

Sengupta, Somini.  "A Literary Diaspora Toasts One of Its Own."  New York Times [150.51564] 6 Nov. 2000.  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite: Article No. 3762126.
Abstract:  "Reports on a celebration in honor of the birthday of Nigerian author Chinua Achebe at Bard College in New York, where he has been a professor for many years.  African authors who joined the celebration; Compliment given by Achebe to author Toni Morrison; Questions regarding African literature which were discussed."

Serafin, Anne M. "African Literatures: An Overview." English Journal 84.3(March 1995): 49(11pp) Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A16738223
Brief Summary: "Africa's great writers include Nigeria's Chinua Achebe and Wole Soyinka, Kenya's Ngugi wa Thiong'o and Guinea's Camara Laye. Aside from older authors, a number of women writers have also gained recognition. South Africa has also produced many fine writers, including Nadine Gordimer and Doris Lessing."

Sharma, Govind Narain. "The Christian Dynamic in the Fictional World of Chinua Achebe." ARIEL 24.2 (April 1993): 85(15pp). Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A14203456
Abstract: Chinua Achebe's novels explore the role of Christianity in the colonization of Africa. In 'Things Fall Apart,' his first novel, Achebe shows the manner in which missionaries established themselves in African villages. In later novels such as 'Anthills of the Savannah' and 'No Longer at Ease' he handles the theme of the relationship between the converts and traditional society. Achebe is very critical of the role of Christian missionaries in the dissolution of African society even though his criticism is not as direct as those of other writers such as Kofi Awoonor and Wole Soyinka.

Winkler, Karen J. "An African Writer at the Crossroads." The Chronicle of Higher Education, 12 Jan 1994: A9(2pp).  Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP: Article A15018469
Abstract: "Chinua Achebe, Nigerian-born intellectual and writer, was been elected to the professorial chair at Bard College. Achebe was elected one among the thousand 'Makers of the Twentieth Century' by The Times of London in 1993, which acknowledged his prominence in the African literary world. Achebe believes in that art is a social function and artists contribute to social development. Through the medium of English, Achebe portrays African culture and tradition, modifying the language to convey distinctly African experiences."

Wise, Christopher.  "Excavating the New Republic."  Callaloo 22.4 (Fall 1999): 1054 (17pp).  EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite, Article No. 2952088.  Abstract:  "Focuses on the historical question of pre-European Igbo being in Chinua Achebe's novel `Things Fall Apart,' especially as it pertains to the larger objectives of contemporary post-colonial theory. Difficulties in bringing the Igbo experience of being into the context of contemporary late capitalist society; Achebe and Western philosophy; Pre-colonial Igbo ontology in `Things Fall Apart.'"

ADDITIONAL SOURCES

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Hear Abiola Irele, Prof. of African, French, and Comparative Literature at Ohio State Univ.,
discuss Achebe's Things Fall Apart with host Ray Suarez on Talk of the Nation (30 May 1996):
http://www.npr.org/programs/totn/archives/ne6M30.html

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Okafor, Clement A. "A Sense of History in the Novels of Chinua Achebe." Journal of African Studies 8.2 (1981): 50-63.

Olney, James. "The African Novel in Transition: Chinua Achebe." South Atlantic Quarterly 70 (1970): 299-316.

Omotoso, Kole.  Achebe or Soyinka? A Study in Contrasts.  New Perspectives on African Literature No. 3.   London & Northvale, NJ: Hans Zell Publishers, 1996.  

Opata, Damian. "The Sudden End of Alienation: A Reconsideration of Okonkwo's Suicide in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart." African Marburgensia 22.2 (1989): 24-32.

Owusu, Kofi. "The Politics of Interpretation: The Novels of Chinua Achebe." (Special Issue: Postcolonial African Fiction) Modern Fiction Studies 37.3(Autumn 1991): 459(12pgs). Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP Article A12386083.

Palmer, Eustace. The Growth of the African Novel. London: Heinemann, 1979.

---. An Introduction to the African Novel. London: Heinemann, 1972.

Petersen, Kirsten Holst, and Anna Rutherford, eds. Chinua Achebe : A Celebration. Oxford [England] & Portsmouth, NH : Heinemann ; Sydney : Dangeroo Press, 1991. [COCC Library: PR9387.9.A3 Z88 1991; To mark Chinua Achebe's 60th year, fellow writers and leading academics from around the world celebrate the scope, variety, and
depth of scholarship his writings have inspired. This literary tribute offers sixteen essays that encompass Achebe's role as writer, editor, and literary spokesman. ]

Podis, Leonard A., and Yakubu Saaka, eds. Challenging Hierarchies: Issues and Themes in Colonial and Postcolonial African Literature.  Society and Politics in Africa, Vol. 5  New York : P. Lang, 1998.  [ORBIS PL8010 .C466 1998]
Abstracts:  "The African woman writer as "killjoy" -- A critical debate on Achebe's depiction of women -- Eurocentric challenges to colonialsim -- Afrocentric challenges to colonial and postcolonial hegemony -- Envisioning successful challenges."
"Challenging Hierarchies explores the provocative and compelling work of African authors, from the writing of eighteenth-century social critic Ottobah Cugoano to that of contemporary novelists Chinua Achebe, Tsitsi Dangarembga, and Ben Okri. The book focuses on challenges to colonial and neo-colonial oppression, with a special emphasis on African feminism and the work of women writers. Contributors range from renowned authors such as Ama Ata Aidoo and Micere Mugo to innovative literary critics like Obioma Nnaemeka and Vincent Odamtten. Combining criticism, fiction, and creative autobiography, Challenging Hierarchies reflects the vital spirit of African literature and literary studies today. "--amazon.com

Priebe, Richard. "Escaping the Nightmare of History: The Development of a Mythic Consciousness in West African Literature." ARIEL 4.2 (1973): 55-67.

Scheub, Harold. "`When A Man Fails Alone."' Presence Africaine 72.2 (1970): 61-89. [Scheub argues that Okonkwo is not representative of his tribe, but fundamentally hostile to its interests and traditions.]

Schipper, Mineke. "Mother Africa on a Pedestal: The Male Heritage in African Literature and Criticism." Women in African Literature Today. 35-54.

Schmidt, Nancy. "Nigerian Fiction and the African Oral Tradition." Journal of the New African Literature and the Arts 5/6 (1968): 10-19.

Shelton, Austin J. "The 'Palm-oil' of Language: Proverbs in Chinua Achebe's Novels." Modern Language Quarterly 30.1 (1969): 89-111.

Soyinka, Wole. "From a Commmon Backcloth." American Scholar 32.4 (1963): 387-97.

Stratton, Florence. "Periodic Embodiments: A Ubiquitous Trope in African Men's Writing." Research in African Literatures 21.1 (Spring 1990): 111-26.

Sugnet, Charlie. "Chinua Achebe: The First Truly ‘African’ Novelist." Utne Reader, March-April 1990: 36. Infotrac 2000 Expanded Academic ASAP Article A8909317

Turner, Margaret E. "Achebe, Hegel, and the New Colonialism," Kunapipi 12.2 (1990): 31-40.

Uchendu, Victor C. The Igbo of Southeast Nigeria. New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, 1965.

Ugorji, Okechukwu K. The Adventures of Torti: Tales from West Africa. Trenton, NJ: African World Press, 1991.

Wren, Robert M. Achebe's World: The Historical and Cultural Context of the Novels. Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1980.

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