William Blake (outline) - ENG 109, Spring 2006

"The road of excess leads
to the palace of wisdom."
--William Blake, "Proverbs of Hell," from
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1793)

	A compendium of Blake's ideas in mixed genres (biblical prophesy, satire, autobiography, lyric, prose) that defy categorization;
	Rejects frozen forms of social custom & literary convention (e.g. Neo-Classical "rules" of "decorum");
	Challenges Enlightenment reliance on reason & on empiricism based on the five senses, which stifle creative & spiritual energies;
	Condemns religious doctrine that "outlaws the body and in so doing cuts off the spirit from the primary source of its energy" (Davis et al., Bedford Anthology 213).

"Without contraries
there is no progression."

Blake's "bard"-- poet-seer--empowered with the dynamic vision of the prophetic imagination, can break from "mind-forg'd manacles" of institutional custom and convention; can embrace warring "contraries" of the material (physical) and spiritual (metaphysical), mind and body, reason and passion (intellect and heart); can "see the infinite in everything" and can awaken the vital poetic genius within all human beings.

"I must invent my own system,
or be enslaved by another man's.
I will not reason & compare:
my business is to create."
--William Blake, Jerusalem (1804)

In great prophetic works like Jerusalem,
Blake "envisioned a world set free
from its political, social, and religious fetters
by the power of the imagination"
(Davis et al., Bedford Anthology 212).

	Welcomed American Revolution & French Revolution: Phase 1 as heralds of a new millennium.
	Revolt against Enlightenment faith in Reason & empirical philosophy, NeoClassical literary/aesthetic conventions
	Criticized & rebelled against: --socio-economic evils of U.K. Industrial Revolution, --injustice of political & religious institutions; --hypocrisy of conventional morality

Songs of Innocence & Experience:
Shewing two contrary states
of the Human Soul
(1789-1794)

	Authority of (individual) visionary imagination
	Modes ("doors") of Perception: "Innocence" (~children) & "Experience" (~adults) see, understand world in fundamentally different ways = "warring contraries"

Unfallen State of "Innocence"
associated with Childhood & its Joyful songs of uncorrupted energy

1. Visionary (knowing) > Close union with God & "true" divine nature
2. Wisdom = Intuitive understanding of Lamb's message
3. Infinite "Sensation" - innocent divine state not limited by 5 ordinary human senses
4. Love integrates self-others-God

Birth into & living in imperfect "fallen" world means children must grow up & "fall" into "Experience" - but as a necessary dialectical stage toward salvation / reunion with God.

Fallen State of "Experience"
associated with Adulthood, envisioned as inevitable & cyclical, and marked:
--"by loss of childhood vitality,
--"by fear and inhibition,
--"by social and political corruption,
--"by oppression of Church, State, and the ruling classes" (Damrosch et al.1392-1393).

1 & 2. Division from close union with God and our "true" divine nature;
3. Reduction to Five Senses (vs. Infinite Sensation of state of Innocence)
4. Wrath displaces Love, to fragment and throw into conflict self/others/God, (formerly unified / integrated elements of our "true" nature)

Imagination--esp. of visionary poets-- can recapture Visionary knowing, Wisdom, & joyous energy of "Innocence"

Happiness & hope (of children) can re-awaken, recall "fallen" (adults) to "true" divine nature & union with God

Compare / Contrast

Assigned Songs of Innocence
[first published 1789]:
"Introduction" | "The Lamb"
"The Chimney Sweeper"
(Davis et al. 869-872)

Assigned Songs of Experience
[first published 1794]:
"Introduction" & "Earth's Answer"
"The Tyger"
"The Chimney Sweeper"
(Davis et al. 872-875)

Agatucci, Cora, ed. "William Blake." Handout, English 109, Central Oregon Community
College, Spring 2004. Online version: <http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/eng109/blake.htm>.

Damrosch, David, et al., eds. The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Vol. B. Compact ed.
New York: Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000.

Davis, Paul, et al., eds. The Bedford Anthology of World Literature: The Nineteenth Century, 1800-1900.
Boston: Bedford-St. Martin's, 2003.

Davis, Paul, et al., eds. Western Literature in a World Context. Vol. 2: The Enlightenment through
the Present. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.

World Literature Online. Companion web site for The Bedford Anthology of World Literature. Eds.
Paul Davis, et al. Boston: Bedford-St. Martin's, 2003. 5 April 2004
< http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/worldlit/ >.

LitLinks from World Literature Online
URL: http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/worldlit/default.asp?c=litlinks
Pathway: Litlinks > Book 5, The Nineteenth Century > Europe: Industry and Nationalism > William Blake

"Throughout his life, he experienced mystical visions that provided him with the inspiration for many of his poems. Blake devised a process he called illuminated printing, which involved the preparation of drawings and decorative frames to complement his poems. He published Songs of Innocence (1789) and Songs of Experience (1794) in this fashion. These books, as well as the many subsequent works he wrote and illustrated, earned him a reputation as one of the most important artists of his day.
"Many of Blake's works assert his conviction that the established church and state hinder rather than nurture human freedom and the sense of divine love."

The William Blake Archives
http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/blake/
This expansive "hypermedia archive" presents many of Blake's illuminated plates and includes a useful bibliography of works on Blake.

The Blake Digital Text Project
http://www.english.uga.edu/wblake/home1.html
This site, maintained by the University of Georgia at Athens English Department, contains links to the Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake and the images of Songs of Innocence and of Experience.

William Blake Online from the Tate Online
http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/exhibitions/blakeinteractive
This extensive site provides an e–dictionary of Blake’s characters, links to the full text of some of his works, a map of Blake’s London, and interactive learning tools and activities about the author.

The Motco Project: The Preston Blake Collection
http://www.motco.com/blake-william
This site features material from the Preston Blake Collection, the largest library collection of Blake’s work in the United Kingdom.

University of Toronto: Selected Poetry of William Blake
http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display/poet24.html
This archive at the University of Toronto’s Representative Poetry Online site features more than forty of Blake’s poems.