APA and/vs. MLA Documentation 1 - Online WR 199, Spring 2008

APA Style and/vs. MLA Style Documentation (1) of Common Types of Sources
Lesson 3 READING 3.4: APA style and/vs. MLA Style
Supplement to advice/models given in our Spring 2008 WR 199 textbook
BR = Bedford Researcher (2nd Sprl. ed., Bedford-St. Martin's, 2006)
Online WR 199, Spring 2008, Prof. C. Agatucci

Read the chapter/s in our BR textbook, by Mike Palmquist, devoted to your selected documentation style/s:

APA Style: READ BR Ch. 19 "Using APA Style":
See esp. 19b "How do I prepare the reference list?" (BR pp. 279-291); and
APA Quick Reference Box: "ENTRIES IN YOUR REFERENCE LIST" (BR pp. 275-276), and
Example APA style References list (BR pp. 300-301).
MLA Style: READ BR Ch. 18 "Using MLA Style":
See esp. 18b "How do I prepare the list of works cited?" (BR pp. 247-265), and
MLA Quick Reference Box: "ENTRIES IN YOUR WORKS CITED LIST" (BR pp. 242-243), and
Example MLA style Works Cited list (BR p. 273).

All documentation style guides and models are organized by TYPE OF SOURCE.
Once you've chosen a documentation style, much depends on your ability to identify correctly the type of a source that you want to document so that you can find and follow the right model for that type of source. Below you find additional APA style References and MLA style Works Cited citation guidance and models for Documenting Common Types of Sources:
   1. Print Books, & Chapters or Articles from Print Books, including Reprints
   2. Print Periodical Articles from Journals, Magazines, & Newspapers
   3. Articles from Online Subscription (Restricted-Access) Databases, plus:
       --Postscript 1 on Citing Electronic PDF files
       --Postscript 2 on Citing Articles from CQ Researcher & Opposing Viewpoints
   4. World Wide Web Pages & Web Sites Freely Accessible on the Internet, plus:
       --Practice 4.1
       --Practice 4.2
   5. Reference Works: Entries in Dictionaries & Encyclopedias
   6. Field Sources & Media Sources

Documenting Common Types of Sources
1. Print Books, and Chapters or Articles from Print Books, including Reprints
APA Style References and/vs. MLA Style Works Cited

1. Print Books, and Chapters or Articles from Print Books
Compare the differences among the following APA style (References) and
MLA style (Works Cited) bibliographical entries for the same Print Books:

1A. APA Style (References) for Print Books:
Review "Tutorial: How do I cite books using APA Style?" (Palmquist, 2006, p. 281),
and the closest models on which the APA examples below are based:

1A.1. APA Example Book model: 15. Two or More Authors (Palmquist, 2006, p. 280):
Hill, G., & Hill, G. (2004). On the run: A mafia childhood. New York: Warner.

1A.2. APA Example Book - models: 23. Editor/s and 22. Multivolume Work (Palmquist, 2006, p. 282):
Irele, F. A., & Gikandi, S. (Eds.) (2004). The Cambridge history of African and
Caribbean literature (v.1). New York: Cambridge University Press.

1A.3. APA Example Book - models: 14. One Author and 21. Edition Other Than the First (Palmquist, 2006, pp. 280, 282):
Palmquist, M. (2006). The Bedford researcher (2nd ed.). Boston: Bedford-St.
Martin's.

1A.4. APA Example Book - models: 23. Editor/s and 21. Edition Other Than the First (Palmquist, 2006, p. 282):

Crusius, T. W., & Channell, C. E. (Eds.) (2006). Aims of argument: A brief guide (5^th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

1B. MLA Style (Works Cited) for Print Books:
Review "Tutorial: How do I cite books using MLA Style?" (Palmquist 249)
and the closest models on which the MLA examples below are based:

1B.1. MLA Example Book - model: 18. Two or Three Authors (Palmquist 247):
Hill, Gina, and Gregg Hill. On the Run: A Mafia Childhood. New York: Warner, 2004.

1B.2. MLA Example Book - models: 23. Editor/s and 27. Multivolume Work (Palmquist 248, 250):
Irele, F. Abiola, and Simon Gikandi, ed. The Cambridge History of African and
Caribbean Literature. Vol. 1. New York: Cambridge UP, 2004. 2 vols.

1B.3. MLA Example Book - models: 17. One Author, and 26. Edition Other Than the First (Palmquist 247, 250):
Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford Researcher. 2nd ed. Boston: Bedford-St.
Martin's, 2006.

1B.4. MLA Example Book - models: 23. Editor/s and 26. Edition Other Than the First (Palmquist 248, 250):
Crusius, Timothy W., and Carolyn E. Channell, ed. Aims of Argument: A Brief Guide.
5^th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2006.

DIFFERENCES TO NOTICE between APA style and MLA style examples given above:
(a) Author/s: NOTE differences in how authors' names are listed;
(b) Editor/s: NOTE differences in how editors' names are listed & how to indicate that these are editors, not authors, of the book;
(c) Date of Book Publication: NOTE differences in where publication date is placed and how year of book publication is indicated;
(d.1) Book Titles: NOTE differences in how book titles are capitalized;
(d.2) Book Titles: Should you underline or italicize a book title? I have underlined book titles in the examples above because most style guides recommend that students underline rather than italicize book titles for underlining is clearer, easier to read, and less ambiguous than italics. Ask your course instructor which s/he prefers. Cora prefers that you underline book titles.
(e) Multivolume Works: NOTE differences in where and how volume number being used is indicated, and whether and where it is necessary to indicate how many total volumes there are in a multivolume work;
(f) Edition other than the first edition of a book: NOTE differences in where and how to indicate which edition of a book is being cited if other than the first edition of the book.

1C. APA Style (References) for Chapter from a Print Book by the same author
and for Selection by one author in an Anthology by a different editor, including Reprints

1C.1 APA Style Example for Chapter in a book - closest model: Books, brochures, and book chapters: 34. Article or chapter in [a book] (American Psychological Association, 2006, pp. 252-253)

Palmquist, M. (2006). Understanding documentation systems. In The Bedford researcher (2^nd ed.; pp. 237-240). Boston: Bedford-St. Martin’s.

1C.2 & 1C.3: APA Style Examples for Selection in an Anthology - closest models: 26. Chapter in an Edited Book or Selection in an Anthology (Palmquist, 2006, p. 283); and Books, brochures, and book chapters: 34. Article or chapter in an edited book (American Psychological Association, 2006, pp. 252-253);
Example 1C.2 below also models Edited Book by Two Editors in an Edition Other than the First]:
Example 1C.3 below also models how to indicate that Article/Selection was Reprinted from another (earlier) published work (model 40. in American Psychological Association, 2006, p. 255)

Pugh, P. (2006). Legalizing euthanasia: A means to a more comfortable dying process. In T. W. Crusius & C. E. Channell (Eds.), Aims of argument: A brief guide (5th ed.; pp. 133-139). 237-240). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Rachels, J. (2006). The end of life. In T. W. Crusius & C. E. Channell (Eds.), Aims of argument: A brief guide (5th ed.; pp. 115-119). Boston: McGraw-Hill. (Reprinted from The end of life: Euthanasia and morality, by J. Rachel, 1986, New York: Oxford University Press)

1D. MLA Style (Works Cited) for for Chapter from a Print Book by the same author
and for Work by one author in an Anthology by a different editor, including Reprints

1D.1 MLA Style Example for Chapter in a book - closest models: 34. Chapter in an Edited Book or Selection in an Anthology, which is an 26. Edition Other Than the First (Palmquist 251, 248):

Palmquist, Mike. “Understanding Documentation Systems." The Bedford Researcher.
2^nded. Boston: Bedford-St. Martin’s, 2006. 237-240.

1D.2 MLA Style Example for Work by one author published in an edited Anthology with a different editor - closest models: 34. Chapter in an Edited Book or Selection in an Anthology; which is an 26. Edition Other Than the First (Palmquist 251, 248):

Pugh, Patrick. “Legalizing Euthanasia: A Means to a More Comfortable Dying Process.” Aims of Argument: A Brief Guide. Ed. Timothy W. Crusius and Carolyn E. Channell. 5^th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2006. 133-139.

1D.3 MLA Style Example for Work by one author in an edited Anthology with a different editor - closest models: 34. Chapter in an Edited Book or Selection in an Anthology; which is an 26. Edition Other Than the First (Palmquist 251, 248); and this example also models how to indicate that the Work is a Reprint first published in another (earlier) published work (model 5.6.7 addressing how to cite reprints in Gibaldi 160):

Rachels, James. “The End of Life.” The End of Life: Euthanasia and Morality. Oxford UP, 1986. Rpt. in Aims of Argument: A Brief Guide. Ed. Timothy W. Crusius and Carolyn E. Channell. 5^th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2006. 115-119.

Documenting Common Types of Sources
2. Print Periodical Articles from Journals, Magazines, & Newspapers
APA Style References and/vs. MLA Style Works Cited

2. Print Periodical Articles

It can sometimes be difficult to distinguish whether the periodical in which an article is published is a journal or a magazine or a newspaper. One key to distinguishing between journal vs. magazine vs. newspaper is how often the periodical is published:

JOURNALS are typically published less frequently than other types of periodicals. Journals are typically issued quarterly (4 times a year), twice a year, or maybe even only once a year. Year, volume number and issue number (if known) are most helpful to readers trying to locate the source for themselves.

MAGAZINES are typically published more often than Journals: Magazines are typically published monthly (once a month), every 2 weeks or fortnightly, or weekly (once a week). Giving full dates of publication (rather than or in addition to volume and issue numbers) will be much more useful to your readers who want to find the source for themselves.

NEWSPAPERS are usually published daily or weekly ; large newspapers like the New York Times publish several editions every day. Note that titles can be deceiving: the Wall Street Journal is a newspaper published daily and following documentation models for daily/weekly newspapers, giving day-month-year publication information (rather than volume and issue numbers) is going to make it easier for your readers to locate the source for themselves.

When in doubt, follow the format that will make it easiest for your readers to locate the source for themselves, and don't hesitate to provide more than the minimum publication information required.

Compare the differences among the following APA style (References) and
MLA style (Works Cited) bibliographical entries for the same Print Periodical
Magazine, Newspaper, and Journal articles:

2A. APA Style for Print Periodical Articles: Review "Tutorial: How do I cite articles from periodicals using APA Style?" (Palmquist, 2006, p. 285) and
the closest models on which the APA examples below are based:

2A.1. APA Example Magazine Article models: 36. Article in a Magazine (Palmquist, 2006, p. 284) and 15. Two or More Authors (Palmquist, 2006, p. 280):

Dawisha, A., & Dawisha, K. (2003, May-June). How to build a democratic Iraq.
Foreign Affairs, 82, 36-50.

2A.2. APA Example Newspaper Article model: 37. Article in a Newspaper (Palmquist, 2006, p. 286):
Murphy, S. P. (2001, March 27). Decisions on status of tribes draw fire.
Boston Globe, p. A2.

2A.3. APA Example Journal Article models: 34 & 35: Article in a Journal . . . (Palmquist, 2006, p. 284):
Wood, M. (2000). Broken dates: Fiction and the century. Kenyon Review,
22 (3), 50-64.

2B. MLA Style for Print Periodical Articles: Review "Tutorial: How do I cite articles from periodicals using MLA Style?" (Palmquist 254) and
the closest models on which the MLA examples below are based:

2B.1. MLA Example Magazine article - models: 47. Article in a . . . Magazine (Palmquist 253) and 18. Two or Three
Authors (Palmquist 247):
Dawisha, Adeed, and Karen Dawisha. "How to Build a Democratic Iraq."
Foreign Affairs May-June 2003: 36-50.

2B.2. MLA Example Newspaper article - model: 49. Article in a Daily Newspaper (Palmquist 253-254):
Murphy, Sean P. "Decisions on Status of Tribes Draw Fire." Boston Globe
27 Mar. 2001: A2.

2B.3. MLA Example Journal article - models: 43 & 44. Article in a Journal . . . (Palmquist 253):
Wood, Michael. "Broken Dates: Fiction and the Century." Kenyon Review
22.3 (2000): 50-64.

DIFFERENCES TO NOTICE between APA style and MLA style examples given above:
(a) Author/s: NOTE differences in how authors' names are listed;
(b) Date of Article Publication: NOTE differences in where date of article publication is placed, and for which types of sources not only the year, but also the month and sometimes the day of publication are included.
(c) Article Titles: NOTE differences in how article titles are capitalized. *NOTE also: Article titles are enclosed by quotation marks in MLA style, but not in APA style.
(d) Periodical Titles (i.e. title of the Magazine, Newspaper, or Journal in which the article is published): Should you underline or italicize a periodical title? I have underlined the magazine, newspaper and journal titles in the examples above because most style guides recommend that students underline rather than italicize periodical titles since underlining is clearer, easier to read, and less ambiguous than italics. Ask your course instructor which s/he prefers. Cora prefers that you underline periodical titles.

Documenting Common Types of Sources
3. Articles from Online Subscription (Restricted-Access) Databases
APA Style References and/vs. MLA Style Works Cited

3. Online Subscription (Restricted-Access) Database Articles:
General Advice and Models

Some online periodical and reference databases such as Ebsco's Academic Search Premier, CQ Press's CQ Researcher, JSTOR, LexisNexis Academic, Gale's Literature Resource Center, Ebsco's Military & Government Collection, Gale's Opposing Viewpoints, National Institutes of Health's MEDLINEplus, PsycInfo, are available only to institutions and/or individuals who pay to subscribe and access is login-password restricted to paying subscribers. COCC Library pays (a lot of money!) to subscribe to many such periodical and reference databases, and access is restricted to authorized users (e.g. COCC students, staff, and community members). Therefore, such online resources are NOT freely available on the World Wide Web, so it is usually neither useful nor recommended to cite the same URL (often several lines long!) that enabled you (as a privileged COCC Library student user) to access such subscription-only (restricted access) online sources, because non-subscribers would not be able to use the URL to access sources in a COCC Library subscription restricted-access database without an authorized login/password.
These subscription-only (restricted access) periodical databases contain many full-text reprints of articles from print periodical sources. Many of these full-text articles are available to subscription database users only in .html and .htm files, which means that they are NOT exact reproductions of the original print articles, since they usually do not indicate the fixed paging of the original print source, and they often differ from the original print source in content and format. To cite such sources correctly, you generally need to:
(1) Determine the type of periodical article (e.g. newspaper, magazine or journal article) reprinted in the database and follow the correct (print) model for that type of periodical article (e.g. journal, magazine, or newspaper article), reformatting the original publication information given by the database as needed to conform to the documentation style (e.g. APA or MLA) that you are using;
(2) THEN add to your bibliographical citation additional information needed to identify which specific electronic/subscription database version of the periodical article that you reviewed (e.g. date the article was retrieved/accessed, from which database, entity that holds/pays for the subscription to the database), as required by the documentation style (e.g. APA or MLA) that you are using.

*See also below POSTSCRIPT 1 on Citing Electronic PDF documents;
and POSTCRIPT 2 on Citing Articles from CQ Researcher and
Opposing Viewpoints Subscription Databases

Compare the differences among the following APA style (References) and
MLA style (Works Cited) bibliographical entries for the same
Online Subscription (Restricted Access) Database articles:

3A. APA Style for [AGGREGATED, Searchable] Online Subscription (Restricted-Access) Database Articles: Review "Tutorial: How do I cite articles from databases using APA Style?" (Palmquist, 2006, p. 290); 54. Article or Abstract Obtained through a Database (Palmquist, 2006, p. 288);and closest PRINT models: 34. & 35. Article in a Journal . . . (Palmquist, 2006, p. 284);
37. Article in a Newspaper (Palmquist, 2006, p. 286)

Arrandale, T. (2007, November 30). Disappearing species: Does Earth face a mass
extinction of plants and animals? [Full report.] CQ Researcher, 17 (42).
Retrieved April 3, 2008, from CQ Researcher Online database.

Fitzgerald, J. (2000). How will bilingual/ESL programs in literacy change in the
next millennium? Reading Research Quarterly, 35 (4). Retrieved October
10, 2007, from Ebsco Academic Search Premier database.

Koretz, G. (1997, July 21). Economic trends: Uh-oh, warm water." Business Week
p. 22. Retrieved October 10, 2007, from Lexis-Nexis Academic database.

3B. MLA Style for Online Subscription (Restricted-Access) Database Articles: Review "Tutorial: How do I cite articles from databases using MLA Style?" (Palmquist 260); 74. Article from an Online Database or Subscription Service (Palmquist 259, 261); and closest PRINT models: 43. & 44. Article in a Journal . . . (Palmquist 253); 49. Article in a Daily Newspaper (Palmquist 253-254)

Arrandale, Tom. "Disappearing Species: Does Earth Face a Mass Extinction of
        Plants and Animals?" [Full report.] CQ Researcher 17.42 (30 Nov. 2007). CQ
        Researcher Online. 2008. Central Oregon Community Col. Barber Lib., Bend,
        OR. 3 Apr. 2008.

Fitzgerald, Jill. "How Will Bilingual/ESL Programs in Literacy Change in the Next
        Millennium?" Reading Research Quarterly 35.4 (2000). Academic
        Search Premier. Ebsco. Central Oregon Community Col. Barber
        Lib., Bend, OR. 10 Oct. 2007.

Koretz, Gene. "Economic Trends: Uh-Oh, Warm Water." Business Week 21
July 1997: 22. Academic Universe: Medical. Lexis-Nexis. Central Oregon
Community Col. Barber Lib., Bend, OR. 10 Oct. 2007.

DIFFERENCES TO NOTICE between APA style and MLA style examples given above:
(a) Author/s: NOTE differences in how authors' names are listed;
(b) Date of Article Publication: NOTE differences in where date of article publication is placed, and for which types of sources not only the year, but also the month and sometimes the day of publication are included.
(c) Article Titles: NOTE differences in how article titles are capitalized. *NOTE also: Article titles are enclosed by quotation marks in MLA style, but not in APA style.
(d) Periodical publication information: All the above database articles were first published in print periodicals, so you should first follow appropriate APA style or MLA style of that type of periodical (see also 2. Print Periodical Articles from Journals, Magazines, & Newspapers above).
(e) Database identification & Dates YOU (the researcher) accessed or retrieved the article from the identified database: NOTE differences in placement of the date you accessed the database article, and of the database title and publisher. NOTE also that MLA style requires that database titles be underlined or italicized (e.g. Academic Search Premier), but APA style does NOT.
(f) Subscription holder: MLA style requires that you identify the holder of the paid Subscription to the restricted-access Database (e.g. Central Oregon Community Col. Barber Lib.) but APA style does NOT.

POSTSCRIPT 1 on Citing Electronic PDF files

Increasingly, many full-text articles in online subscription databases are available in .pdf files, which are scanned duplicates of print originals of these articles. (PDF documents require Adobe Acrobat Reader to open & read.) These .pdf documents reproduce exactly (as a photocopy of a print article would do) the content, formatting, paragraphing, and paging of the print originals; and thus PDF versions are decidedly preferred over .html versions. Bibliographical entries for sources obtained in .pdf format can usually be treated like photocopies of the print originals. Still, APA and other documentation styles want you to indicate that you have reviewed a PDF electronic version, and NOT the print original, of a source in your bibliographical entry.

APA Style for Full-Text Journal Article, with three authors, retrieved from an online database in .pdf file format: follow APA model for Journal article, but after article title insert [Electronic version] in brackets, as in the following example:

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the
selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic
version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

MLA Style for Full-Text PDF Journal Article, by four or more authors [MLA now prefers English "and others" to the Latin abbreviation "et al.": see Palmquist 248; model 19], giving full information on the print article (including page numbers), following by the explanatory insert [PDF Full Text]. Then follow with database, subscriber, and access information (see also Palmquist 260: Tutorial), as in the following example:

Anderson, Craig A., and others. “The Influence of Media Violence on Youth.”
          Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4.3 (Dec. 2003): 81-110.
          [PDF Full Text.] Academic Search Premier. Ebsco. Central Oregon
          Community College Library, Bend, OR. 20 Feb. 2006.

POSTSCRIPT 2 on Citing Articles from CQ Researcher and
Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center Subscription Databases

Teachers often recommend CQ Researcher and Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center subscription databases to students looking for research topic ideas and sources. The conveniently topic-organized collections of sources offered by these subscription databases are very useful to researchers. These sources offer extensive treatments of many different research topics, comprised of edited reports introducing these topics (and summarizing key subtopics and issues within these topics), original articles and reprints from (all or part of) previously published sources by authoritative authors representing multiple perspectives on these topics and relevant pro/con arguments the issues; and extensive selective bibliographies of sources for further research and reading. However, citing articles--or mini-articles by different authors embedded within these articles, which are often complex patchworks of contributions by different editors and authors, sometimes original but frequently reprints (or reprints of reprints) of all or part of previously published works--from these subscription databases can be a documentation nightmare!
But since CQ Researcher and Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center subscription databases are so often recommended and used, I feel compelled to offer students some models for citing sources (and articles within sources) from these subscription databases, based on the documentation prescriptions of APA style and MLA style, and following the closest models I could find in their current official style guides.

NOTE that "Document Citation" models given at the end of most CQ Researcher articles can be used for APA style (References) but NOT for MLA Style (Works Cited) documentation.

APA Style Examples

APA Style Examples for CQ Researcher database Full Report articles by One Author:

Katel, P. (2007, April 6). Prison reform: Are too many violent criminals being incarcerated? [Full Report]. CQ Researcher, 17(13). Retrieved February 11, 2008, from CQ Researcher Online database. [Document ID: cqresrre2007040600]

APA Style Example for Article by One Author embedded in an edited CQ Researcher document [including bracketed database document ID number] that includes at least one other article by a different author:

Wolf, N. (1997, November 28). [Pro.] Pro/Con: Can abortion-rights and anti-abortion groups reach common ground? In S. Glazer (Ed.), Roe v. Wade 25: Will the landmark abortion ruling stand? CQ Researcher, 7(44), 1033-1056. Retrieved February 27, 2008, from CQ Researcher Online database. [Document ID: cqresrre1997112800]

APA Style Example for Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database article [including bracketed database document ID number], indicating that the article is excerpt from a previously published source by the same author/s, reprinted from a different previously published anthology with a different editor:

Dobbs, L. (2008). Outsourcing harms America. Retrieved April 28, 2008, from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. [Gale Document ID No. EJ3010408202.] (Excerpt from Exporting America: Why corporate greed is shipping American jobs overseas, by L. Dobbs, 2004, New York: Warner; Reprinted from At issue: Does outsourcing harm America? ed. K. R. Dunbar, 2006, Detroit: Greenhaven Press)

Kane, T., Schaefer, B. D., & Fraser, A. A. (2008). Outsourcing does not harm America. Retrieved February 17, 2008, from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. [Gale Document No. EJ3010408203.] (Excerpt from Ten myths about jobs and outsourcing, by T. Kane, B.D. Schaefer, & A.A. Fraser, 1 April 2004, www.heritage.org; Reprinted from At issue: Does outsourcing harm America? ed. K. R. Dunbar, 2006, Detroit: Greenhaven Press)

MLA Style Examples

MLA Style Examples for CQ Researcher Full Report articles by One Author:

Katel, Peter. “Prison Reform: Are Too Many Violent Criminals Being Incarcerated?”
       [Full Report] CQ Researcher 17.13 (6 Apr. 2007). CQ Researcher Online.
       [Document ID: cqresrre2007040600.] CQ Press, 2008. Central Oregon
       Community Col. Barber Lib., Bend, OR. 11 Feb. 2008.

MLA Style Example for Article by One Author embedded in an edited CQ Researcher document [including bracketed database document ID number] that includes at least one other article by a different author:

Wolf, Naomi. [Pro.] “Pro/Con: Can Abortion-Rights and Anti-Abortion Groups Reach Common Ground?" In “Roe v. Wade 25: Will the Landmark Abortion Ruling Stand?” Ed. Sarah Glazer. CQ Researcher 7.44 (28 Nov. 1997): 1033-1056. CQ Researcher Online. [Document ID: cqresrre1997112800.] CQ Press, 2008. Central Oregon Community Col. Barber Lib., Bend, OR. 27 Feb. 2008.

MLA Style Examples for Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database article [including bracketed database document ID number], indicating that the article is excerpt from a previously published source by the same author, reprinted from a different previously published anthology with a different editor:

Dobbs, Lou. "Outsourcing Harms America." [Excerpt from] Exporting America: Why Corporate Greed Is Shipping American Jobs Overseas, New York: Warner, 2004. Rpt. in At issue: Does Outsourcing Harm America?, Ed. Katherine Read Dunbar. Detroit: Greenhaven P, 2006. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. [Gale Document No. EJ3010408202.] Gale, 2008. Central Oregon Community Col. Barber Lib., Bend, OR. 27 Feb. 2008.

Kane, Tim, Brett D. Schaefer, and Alison Acosta Fraser. "Outsourcing Does Not Harm America." [Excerpt from ] "Ten Myths about Jobs and Outsourcing," www.heritage.org, 1 Apr. 2004. Rpt. in At Issue: Does Outsourcing Harm America? Ed. Katherine Read Dunbar. Detroit: Greenhaven P, 2006. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. [Document No. EJ3010408203.] Gale, 2008. Central Oregon Community Col. Barber Lib., Bend, OR. 17 Feb. 2008.

Documenting Common Types of Sources
4. World Wide Web Pages & Web Sites Freely Accessible on the Internet
APA Style References and/vs. MLA Style Works Cited

4. World Wide Web Pages and Web Sites
Freely Accessible on the Internet

As previously explained in Lesson #3 READING 3.2: On Using Documentation Styles, documentation guides have long been scrambling to keep up with the proliferation of electronic internet sources, so perhaps we teachers and students can be excused for our confusion regarding how such sources should be cited. Constructing complete and correct bibliographical entries for internet sources freely available on World Wide Web/s, as are needed to avoid plagiarism and give credit where credit is due, but also are useful and effective for our readers who want to find and review these Internet web sources for themselves--is also challenging to accomplish.

Individual web pages (often accessed via a search engine) do not always provide all the bibliographical information needed to cite the web source as completely and accurately as possible, and "dead end" web pages provide NO helpful links back to entry pages within a web site that might provide valuable additional bibliographical information. Thus, college-level researchers must be prepared to explore the larger web site sponsoring the individual web page/s in order to obtain as much information as needed to construct as complete a bibliographical entry as possible. Being able to analyze the structure of a URL [Uniform Resource Locator] Internet address of a web page and work back through a URL's pathways (demarked by a forward slash / ) to explore the sponsoring web site that the web page belongs to, is often necessary in order to obtain as complete bibliographical information as possible on a World Wide Web source for entry into your APA-style References list or MLA-style Works Cited list.

Modern Language Association's "How Do I Document Sources from the Web in My Works-Cited List?" offers a detailed list of the kinds of bibliographical information you should try to obtain on a web source -- with the understanding that you may not be able to obtain all! -- and is useful for constructing bibliographical entries for not just MLA style but most other documentation styles: http://www.mla.org/style/style_faq/style_faq4

American Psychological Association (2008) provides more information on "Elements to Include in References to Electronic Sources" and on "Understanding a URL" in "Electronic References: Electronic Media": http://www.apastyle.org/elecmedia.html

The Internet and its World Wide Webs are dynamic, meaning that the content of web pages you review today may very well change (i.e. be revised or updated) tomorrow or can even disappear altogether. Thus, documentation styles require that you indicate the version of a dynamic web source that you reviewed on the Internet by providing the date that you retrieved or last accessed the Internet web source.
ABSOLUTELY CRUCIAL guidance for citing ANY Internet web source (to enable your interested readers to find the web source for themselves), in ALL documentation styles (whatever other variations are recommended or allowed in formatting bibliographical entries) is best stated by the American Psychological Association (2006):
--"1. Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited--whenever possible, reference specific documents [i.e. specific web pages] rather than home or menu pages"; and
--"2. Provide addresses [i.e. URL's] that work" (p. 269).

Compare the differences among the following APA style (References) and
MLA style (Works Cited) bibliographical entries for the same WWW web sources
freely accessible on the Internet

4A. APA Style for Web Pages and Web Sites Freely Accessible on the Internet: Unfortunately Palmquist (2006) does not offer a special APA-Style Tutorial on how to cite web sources from web sites freely accessible on the Internet in chapter 19, and the advice he does give on in-text citation of web sites (p. 279) is MISLEADING and often MISUSED - best to cross it out RIGHT NOW as I'm doing: ~~p. 279; model 13. Web Site or Document from a Web Site~~. The advice and models Palmquist (2006) provides for "Electronic Sources," models 55-62 (pp. 288-291) are useful, especially 57. Nonperiodical Web Document for "stand-alone" Web sources (p. 289), and I provide more examples below.

Barton, D. (n.d.). A tale of two constitutions. [Issues and articles.] Retrieved October 16, 2007, from WallBuilders: Presenting America’s forgotten history and heroes with an emphasis on our moral, religious, and constitutional history Web site: http://www.wallbuilders.com/LIBissuesArticles.asp?id=86

BETA: Belize Eco-Tourism Association. (n.d.) Retrieved October 16, 2007, from http://www.bzecotourism.org/

Grove, A. (1999, Spring). English 220: Deviance and the British novel.
           [Course Home Page.] Retrieved October 10, 2007, from the Alfred
           University, English Department Web site: http://las.alfred.edu/
           ~egl/grove/spring99/egl220/directory.html

Hallengren, A. (2004, June 29). Naguib Mahfouz: The son of two civilizations.
Retrieved October 10, 2007, from the Nobelprize.org Web site:
http://nobelprize.org/literature/articles/mahfouz/index.html

History of BETA. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2007, from BETA: Belize Eco-Tourism Association Web site: http://www.bzecotourism.org/history.htm

Margaret Sanger Papers Project. (2000, October 18). Retrieved October 10,
2007, from the New York University, History Department Web site:
http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/

Media giants. (2001, February). In Frontline: The Merchants of cool (part 3).
Retrieved October 10, 2007, from the PBS Online Web site:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/giants/

WallBuilders: Presenting America’s forgotten history and heroes with an emphasis
on our moral, religious, and constitutional history. (n.d.). Retrieved October
16, 2007, from http://www.wallbuilders.com/

4B. MLA Style for Web Pages and Web Sites Freely Accessible on the Internet:
See "Tutorial: How do I cite works from Web sites using MLA Style?" (Palmquist 263); and
78. Academic Course or Department Web Site (Palmquist 261); 77. Work [Web Page] for a Professional or Commercial Web Site (Palmquist 261); 76. Entire Web Site (p. 261)

Barton, David. “A Tale of Two Constitutions.” Issues and Articles. WallBuilders: Presenting America’s Forgotten History and Heroes with an Emphasis on Our Moral, Religious, and Constitutional History. [n.d.] 16 Oct. 2007 <http://www.wallbuilders.com/LIBissuesArticles.asp?id=86>.

BETA: Belize Eco-Tourism Association. [n.d.] 16 Oct. 2007
<http://www.bzecotourism.org/>.

Grove, Allen. English 220: Deviance and the British Novel. [Course Home Page.]
Spring 1999. English Dept., Alfred U. 10 Oct. 2007 <http://las.alfred.edu/
~egl/grove/spring99/egl220/directory.html>.

Hallengren, Anders. "Naguib Mahfouz: The Son of Two Civilizations."
Nobelprize.org. 29 June 2004. The Nobel Foundation. 28 Jan. 2005
<http://nobelprize.org/literature/articles/mahfouz/index.html>.

“History of BETA.” BETA: Belize Eco-Tourism Association. [n.d.]. 16 Oct.
2007 <http://www.bzecotourism.org/history.htm>.

Margaret Sanger Papers Project. 18 Oct. 2000. History Dept., New York U.
10 Oct. 2007 <http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/>.

"Media Giants." The Merchants of Cool. 2001. PBS Online. 2007. 10 Oct.
2007 <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/giants/>.

WallBuilders: Presenting America's Forgotten History and Heroes with an
Emphasis on Our Moral, Religious, and Constitutional History. [n.d.] 16
Oct. 2007 <http://www.wallbuilders.com/>.

PRACTICE 4.1: Review & try documenting the following web page:
http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/october/cooking.asp

Review carefully the header and footer information, the internet address or URL (Uniform Resource Locator), and the the content of this web page. Then ask yourself the following questions, and see if you can find the same bibliographical information that Cora did.
1. Who is the author? Martha Burke
2. What is the title of web page/article? Cooking with Chemistry
3. Does this web page/article seem to be part of an online periodical publication? Yes
   --If so, what is the title of online periodical in which this web article appears: Chemistry World
   --If so, what is the date, volume, and/or issue of the online publication in which this web page/article appears? October 2003, is indicated as the date/issue in the web page header, as well as in the URL: http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/october/cooking.asp
4. Is this web page/article acknowledged as a reprint from another original (print) source? Yes: Chemistry in Britain is acknowledged as the original source from which of this web page/article is reprinted.
   --If so, what additional identifying information is given about the original (print) source publication? No additional information is given about the original publication of this web page/article.
   --No date given for the original (print) source can be indicated by the abbreviation n.d. [for no date] in a bibliographical citation.
5. Can the copyright holder, copyright date and/or last update of this web page be determined from information given in its footer, header, and/or content?   Yes: the footer of this web page gives this copyright information: © Royal Society of Chemistry 2008
6. Can this specific web page/article be accessed directly and freely by your readers on any internet browser using the above referenced URL/internet address? Yes, this web page can be accessed directly and freely on any internet browser using this URL:
     http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/october/cooking.asp
7. Date you retrieved (i.e. most recently accessed) this web page at this URL on the internet?
Cora's retrieval/most recent access date was April 30, 2008
8. Does the URL address [e.g. count the number of /pathways/ in the URL] of this web page suggest that it is embedded in a complex web site? Yes
   --If so, would it be helpful to my readers (trying to locate this web source for themselves in future) if I included the title of the web site and/or name of the web site sponsor in my citation? Yes.
9. What is the title of the Web site and/or who is the sponsor of this Web site? RSC.org [Royal Society of Chemistry]
Now try your hand at confirming the above information and/or obtaining additional information on this web page and its sponsoring web site needed for constructing a complete and accurate bibliographical entry, as Cora did, by working your way back through the /pathways/ embedded in this web page's URL:
http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/october/cooking.asp
   Try this URL: http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/october/
   http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/october/
   Try this URL: http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/
   http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/
   Try this URL: http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/
   http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/~~Issues/~~
   Try this URL: http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/
http://www.rsc.org/~~chemistryworld/~~
   Try this URL: http://www.rsc.org/

APA Style Citation:

Burke, M. (2003, October). Cooking with chemistry. Chemistry World.
Retrieved April 30, 2008, from RSC.org [Royal Society of Chemistry] Web site: http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/october/cooking.asp
(Reprinted from Chemistry in Britain, n.d.)

MLA Style Citation:

Burke, Martha. "Cooking with Chemistry." Chemistry in Britain, n.d. Rpt. Chemistry World Oct. 2003. RSC.org [Royal Society of Chemistry]. 2008. 30 Apr. 2008 <http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/october/cooking.asp>.

PRACTICE 4.2: Review & try documenting the following web page:
http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/courbet-dossier/biography.html

Review carefully the header and footer information, the internet address or URL (Uniform Resource Locator), and the the content of this web page. Then ask yourself the following questions, and see if you can find the same bibliographical information that Cora did.
1. Who is the author?   No author given (AKA: unsigned)
2. What is the title of web page/article? Gustave Courbet (1819-1877): A Biography
3. Does this web page/article seem to be part of an online periodical publication? No
4. Is this web page/article acknowledged as a reprint from another original (print) source? No
5. Can the copyright holder, copyright date and/or last update of this web page be determined from information given in its footer, header, and/or content?   Yes: the footer of this web page gives this copyright information: Legal Information © Musée d'Orsay 2006
6. Can this specific web page/article be accessed directly and freely by your readers on any internet browser using the above referenced URL/internet address? Yes, this web page can be accessed directly and freely on any internet browser using this URL:
http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/courbet-dossier/biography.html
7. Date you retrieved (i.e. most recently accessed) this web page at this URL on the internet?
Cora's retrieval/most recent access date was April 30, 2008
8. Does the URL address [e.g. count the number of /pathways/ in the URL] of this web page suggest that it is embedded in a complex web site? Yes
   --If so, would it be helpful to my readers (trying to locate this web source for themselves in future) if I included the title of the web site and/or name of the web site sponsor in my citation? Yes
9. What is the title of the Web site and/or who is the sponsor of this Web site? Musée d'Orsay
Now try your hand at confirming the above information and/or obtaining additional information on this web page and its sponsoring web site needed for constructing a complete and accurate bibliographical entry, as Cora did, by working your way back through the /pathways/ embedded in this web page's URL:
   http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/courbet-dossier/biography.html
   Try this URL: http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/courbet-dossier/
   http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/~~courbet-dossier/~~
   Try this URL: http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/
   . . . and you are immediately taken to
   Musée d'Orsay's English language home page:
      http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/home.html
   Musée d'Orsay = art museum located in Paris, France.

APA Style Citation:

Gustave Courbet (1819-1877): A biography. (2006). Retrieved April 30, 2008, from Musée d'Orsay [Paris, France] Web site [English language version]: http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/courbet-dossier/biography.html

MLA Style Citation:

"Gustave Courbet (1819-1877): A Biography." [English language version.] 2006. Musée d'Orsay (Paris, France). 30 Apr. 2008 <http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/
courbet-dossier/biography.html>.

Troubleshooting Tip:
NO AUTHOR given? = Work is Unsigned >>> Start with the title of the source.

Documenting Common Types of Sources
5. Reference Works: Entries in Dictionaries & Encyclopedias
APA Style References and/vs. MLA Style Works Cited

5. REFERENCE WORKS: Entries in Dictionaries & Encyclopedias

5A. APA Style for "Print Reference Works" is already addressed by Palmquist (2006) in
References models 43-46 in our textbook (p. 287). Below I supplement our textbook with
models for citing unsigned entries from online reference works.

APA Style models for citing an Unsigned Entry or Article from an online dictionary or encyclopedia

Ecotourism. (2006). Dictionary.com unabridged (v.1.1). [Based on Random House unabridged dictionary, 2006 ed.] Retrieved October 16, 2007, from Dictionary.com Web site: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ecotourism

Human sexuality. (2007, October 16). Wikipedia: The free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 15, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality

5B. MLA Style for "Print Reference Works" is already addressed by Palmquist in
Works Cited models 56-60 of our textbook (256-257). Below I supplement our textbook with
models for citing unsigned entries from online reference works.

MLA Style models for citing an Unsigned* Entry or Article from an online dictionary or encyclopedia

“Ecotourism.” Def. 1. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Vol. 1. [Based on Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2006 ed.] Dictionary.com. 2007. Lexico Publishing Group. 16 Oct. 2007 < http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ecotourism>.

“Human Sexuality.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 15 Oct. 2007. Wikipedia Foundation. 15 Oct. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality>.

Documenting Common Types of Sources
6. Field Sources & Media Sources
APA Style References and/vs. MLA Style Works Cited

6. Field Sources & Media Sources

APA Style for "Field Sources" is already addressed by Palmquist (2006) in
References models 47-49 (p. 287; ch. 19b) in our textbook; and
APA Style for "Media Sources" is already addressed by Palmquist (2006) in
References models 50-53 (p. 288; ch. 19b) in our textbook.

6A.1 APA Style for Personal Communications - e.g. unpublished personal e-mail, interview, or letter: see References models 47 & 48 (Palmquist, 2006, p. 297; ch. 19b) and in-text citation model 12 (Palmquist, 2006, p. 279; ch. 19a), in our textbook.

6A.2 APA Style for an unpublished Lecture:

Green, R. (2006, October 6). Is America one nation under God? Lecture
presented at Rose Garden, Portland, OR.

6A.3 APA Style for Film or Video Recording: see also References models under Media Sources: item 50. Film or Video Recording (Palmquist, 2006, p. 288):

Kouyaté, D. (Director). (1995). Keita: Heritage of the griot [French: Keita! L'héritage du griot]. [Videotape.] United States: Afix Productions-California Newsreel.

See also relevant APA-style References model 49 provided by Palmquist (2006) in our textbook (p. 287).

MLA Style for "Field Sources" is already addressed by Palmquist in
Works Cited models 61-63 (257; ch. 18b) in our textbook; and
MLA Style for "Media Sources" is already addressed by Palmquist in
Works Cited models 64-73 (257-259; ch. 18b) in our textbook.

6B.1 MLA Style for unpublished Personal Interview: see Works Cited model 61 (Palmquist 257; ch. 18b), in our textbook.

6B.2 MLA Style for an unpublished Lecture:

Green, Rick. Is America One Nation Under God? [Unpublished Lecture.] Rose Garden, Portland, OR. 6 Oct. 2006.

See also relevant MLA-style Works Cited model 63 provided by Palmquist in our textbook (257).

How should you document a source when
none of the models provided in current guides seem to apply?

As advised by many style manuals, when available models do not quite fit a specific source that you need to document, you should:

(1) Ask your instructor - i.e. Cora in the case of WR 199 - for help, and/or . . .
(2) Follow the closest model/s that your documentation style guide provides, and . . .
(3) When in doubt, provide more information rather than less, so that your sources are fully credited and so that your readers are given sufficient information they will need to find easily and review your sources for themselves.

NEXT STEP: PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

Once you have figured out how to construct correct bibliographical entries for different types of sources using your selected documentation style, you will need to put together a list of all your source bibliographical entries in a correctly ordered and formatted APA style References or MLA style Works Cited. Separate Lesson #3 Blackboard READINGS will provide guidance and models for how to construct such lists - See:

READING 3.5. APA Style References: Example Source List

READING 3.6. MLA Style Works Cited: Example Source List

APA Style - Most Current Official Guides (as of April 2008):

American Psychological Association (2006) models for References: B. Books . . . 23. [edition other than the first]
& 24. [group author as publisher] (pp. 248-249):

American Psychological Association. (2006). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychological Association (2006) models for References: I. Electronic Media: 78. Document available on university or department Web site (p. 274) ; and 40. [reprint from another source[ (p. 255):

American Psychological Association. (2008a). Electronic references: Electronic media
         and URLs. Retrieved April 28, 2008, from APA Style.org, in APA Online Web
         site: http://www.apastyle.org/elecmedia.html (Reprinted from APA style guide
         to electronic references, 2007)
American Psychological Association. (2008b). Frequently asked questions. Retrieved
         April 28, 2008, from APA Style.org, APA Online Web site: http://www.apastyle.org/
         faqs.html

MLA Style - Most Current Official Guides (as of April 2008):

MLA Handbook models for Works Cited: 5.6 Citing Books . . . 5.6.1 The Basic Entry: A Book by a Single Author (Gibaldi 147-152); and 5.6.14: A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition (Gibaldi 166-167)

Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th ed. New York:
Modern Language Association, 2003.

MLA Handbook models for Works Cited: 5.9 Citing Electronic Sources: 5.9.1 The Basic Entry: A Document from an Internet Site (Gibaldi 207-216); and 5.6.6. [Work] by a Corporate Author (Gibaldi 157):

Modern Language Association. "Frequently Asked Questions about MLA Style."
         10 Jul. 2003. Modern Language Association: MLA. 2008. 28 Apr. 2008
          <http://www.mla.org/style_faq>.
Modern Language Association. "How Do I Document Sources from the Web in My
          Works-Cited List?" 14 Mar. 2008. Modern Language Association: MLA. 2008.
          28 Apr. 2008 <http://www.mla.org/style/style_faq/style_faq4>.

You are here: APA and/vs. MLA Documentation (1) of Common Types of Sources - Online WR 199, SPRING 2008
URL of this page: http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/wr199documentation/APAvsMLADocumentation1.htm
Last Updated: 26 May 2008